A cell-penetrating tetrapeptide (D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH₂, also known as elamipretide or Bendavia) that concentrates >1000-fold in mitochondria by selectively binding cardiolipin in the inner mitochondrial membrane. SS-31 stabilizes cytochrome c interactions, restores electron transport chain efficiency, and reduces mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Phase II/III trials for Barth syndrome and primary mitochondrial myopathy showed functional improvements.
TargetsCardiolipin (inner mitochondrial membrane), cytochrome c stabilization
Research FocusMitochondrial dysfunction, heart failure, Barth syndrome, ischemia-reperfusion, aging bioenergetics
ReconstitutionSterile water — 5 mg/mL
Stability14 days at 2–8°C
Key distinction: The only peptide that directly targets cardiolipin in the inner mitochondrial membrane — accumulates >1000-fold in mitochondria and restores electron transport chain function at the structural level.
Scientific Evidence
Published Research
[1]
Szeto HH. First-in-class cardiolipin-protective compound as a therapeutic agent to restore mitochondrial bioenergetics. Br J Pharmacol 2014;171:2029-2050 — PubMed 24117165
[2]
Siegel MP et al. Mitochondrial-targeted peptide rapidly improves mitochondrial energetics and skeletal muscle performance in aged mice. Aging Cell 2013;12:763-771 — PubMed 23692570
Research Use Only. All products sold by Lumen Peppers are intended solely for in vitro research and laboratory purposes. They are not drugs, supplements, or foods. Nothing on this page constitutes medical advice. Researchers are responsible for compliance with all applicable regulations. Last updated: April 14, 2026.